Predicting bacteremic pneumonia in HIV-1–infected patients consulting the ED
Received 4 July 2008; received in revised form 26 November 2008; accepted 16 January 2009. published online 26 March 2010.
Abstract
Introduction
HIV-1–infected patients have higher incidence of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and risk of complications. Bacteremia has been associated with a higher risk of complications in such patients. We investigated factors associated with bacteremia in HIV-1–infected patients with CAP presenting at the emergency department.
Methods
We included HIV-1–infected patients with CAP for 3 years (March 2005-February 2008). Only patients in whom blood cultures were performed were finally included. Clinical data (age; sex; CD4+ count; serum HIV viral load; previous or current intravenous drug use and antiretroviral treatment; systolic blood pressure; and cardiac and respiratory rates), analytical data (leukocyte count, arterial oxygen content, C-reactive protein value, and urgent Streptococcus pneumoniae and Legionella spp antigen urine detection), and APACHE-II (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation) score were compiled. The need for intensive care unit admission, mechanical ventilation, mortality, and for patients finally discharged, duration of admission were retrospectively obtained from the clinical history. A multivariate analysis using logistic regression was performed to find independent predictors of bacteremia.
Results
We diagnosed 129 HIV-1–infected patients with CAP. Blood cultures were performed in 118 cases (91%). Bacteremia was present in 28 (24%). Independent predictors of bacteremia were the detection of S pneumoniae antigen in urine (odds ratio, 9.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.9-42.0) and the absence of current antiretroviral treatment (odds ratio, 7.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.4-33.3). In-hospital mortality was higher in patients with bacteremia (15% vs 0%).
Conclusion
HIV-1–infected patients with CAP who are not on current antiretroviral therapy and have positive S pneumoniae antigenuria are at increased risk of having bacteremia. Bacteremic patients have a poor outcome.
aEmergency Department, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona 08036, Spain
bMicrobiological Department, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona 08036, Spain
cPneumology Department, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona 08036, Spain
dInfectious Department, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona 08036, Spain
ABSTRACT