Incidence and onset of delayed seizures after overdoses of extended-release bupropion

Abstract 

Background

Delayed seizures have been reported with overdoses of bupropion extended-release (XL). This study systematically evaluates the frequency and timing of seizures and an association between other toxic effects (ie, agitation, tremors, and hallucinations) and seizures.

Methods

A 3-year multi–poison center observational study of hospitalized patients with ingestion of bupropion XL ≥600 mg in adults and ≥4 mg/kg in children was performed. Patients with coingestants or a medical history that could affect seizure occurrence were excluded. Data collection forms captured onset time of seizure(s), other symptoms, and treatment.

Results

One hundred seventeen patients met inclusion criteria: median age of 22 years (range, 1.3-65 years) with 16 children ≤ 3 years. Seizures occurred in 37 (31.6%) patients, with initial seizure at 0.5 to 24 hours after ingestion; 12 (32%) patients had initial seizure at > 8 hours. Subsequent seizures occurred in 49%. Children ages 1.3, 3, and 7 years, developed seizures. In patients ≥ 13 years of age, median dose with seizures was 4350 mg (range, 600-54 000) compared to 2400 mg (range, 600-9000) in patients without seizures. Agitation, tremors, and hallucinations occurred in 29.7%, 40.5%, and 18.9% of patients with seizures, respectively, compared with 12.5 %, 17.5%, and 10% in patients without seizures. The neurologic effects agitation (P = .045) and tremors (P = .005) occurred more frequently.

Conclusion

Delayed seizure onset suggests a minimum observation period of 24 hours after bupropion XL overdose. Although patients experiencing agitation or tremors may be at greater risk, seizures can occur without preceding central nervous system toxicity.