Abstract
Objective
To evaluate the biomechanical aspects involved in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation's
compression depth by children.
Methods
A randomized crossover study with 196 children between 9 and 14 years-old was conducted.
The children performed four CPR hands-only tests of 1 min in four different heights
(floor, 5 cm, 10 cm, and 15 cm). Anthropometric, angulation and quality of CPR variables
were registered during the tests.
Results
CPR quality was sub-optimal in all tests. Tests with the simulated victim placed on
the floor had the best compression quality. Children that made deeper compressions
had significantly higher values in all anthropometric variables. Analysis gives more
discriminatory power to the anthropometric variables than angulation variables on
compression depth.
Conclusion
Chest compression depth obtained by children depends more on their anthropometric
characteristics than on their body position. The approximate age to perform compressions
with an acceptable quality is 12 years-old. The use of steps increased arm angle,
getting it closer to 90° but did not increase quality CPR when compared with performance
on the floor.
Keywords
To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
One-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribe:
Subscribe to The American Journal of Emergency MedicineAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
References
- Task force on sudden cardiac death of the European Society of Cardiology.Eur Heart J. 2001; 22: 1374-1450
- Emergency response time after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.Eur J Intern Med. 2011; 22: 386-393
- Plan de desfibrilación externa semiautomática en Galicia. Resultados finales de su implantación. [Semiautomatic external defibrillation plan for Galicia: results of implementation].Emergencias. 2009; 21: 99-104
- Association of national initiatives to improve cardiac arrest management with rates of bystander intervention and patient survival after out-of hospital cardiac arrest.JAMA. 2013; 310: 1377-1384
- Board of European Resuscitation Council (ERC). Kids Save Lives—ERC position statement on school children education in CPR.: “Hands that help—training children is training for life”.Resuscitation. 2016; 105: A1-A3
- CPR knowledge and attitude to performing bystander CPR among secondary school students in Norway.Resuscitation. 2011; 82: 1053-1059
- Kids save lives - training school children in cardiopulmonary resuscitation worldwide is now endorsed by the World Health Organization (WHO).Resuscitation. 2015; 94 (A5±7)
- Aprender reanimación cardiopulmonar desde la escuela. [Learning CPR from School].Emergencias. 2012; 24: 432-435
- Teaching basic life support to 12–16 year olds in Barcelona schools: views of head teachers.Resuscitation. 2006; 70: 107-116
- Encuesta a profesores de Institutos de Secundaria sobre la enseñanza de la reanimación cardiopulmonar básica en sus centros. [Survey of public secondary school teachers' attitudes toward instruction in basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation in schools].Emergencias. 2008; 20: 251-255
- How best to teach CPR to schoolchildren: a systematic review.Resuscitation. 2013; 84: 415-421
- Efectos del refuerzo audiovisual en tiempo real sobre la ejecución de las compresiones torácicas realizadas por escolares. [Effects of real-time audiovisual feedback on secondary-school student's performance of chest compression].Emergencias. 2015; 27: 189-192
Mpotos, Nicolas, Iserbyt, Peter. Children saving lives: training towards CPR excellence levels in chest compression based on age and physical characteristics. Resuscitation https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2017.10.024
- Schoolchildren as life savers: at what age do they become strong enough?.Resuscitation. 2014; 85: 814-819
- At what age can schoolchildren provide effective chest compressions? An observational study from the heartstart UK schools training programme.BMJ. 2007; 334: 1201-1203
- Influence of body mass index and physical fitness of university students on the ability to perform quality external chest compressions in manikin.Emergencias. 2014; 26: 195-201
- Impact of physical fitness and biometric data on the quality of external chest compression: a randomised, crossover trial.BMC Emerg Med. 2011; 11: 20
- Relationship between weight of rescuer and quality of chest compressions during cardiopulmonary resuscitation.J Physiol Anthropol. 2014; 33: 16
- Factors influencing quality of chest compression depth in nursing students.Int J Nurs Pract. 2013; 19: 591-595
- Rescuers' effect on active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ACD-CPR) operating.Am J Emerg Med. 2003; 21: 561-562
- European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015: Section 2. Adult basic life support and automated external defibrillation.Resuscitation. 2015; 95: 81-99
- A simulation-based randomized controlled study of factors influencing chest compression depth.West J Emerg Med. 2015; 16: 1135-1140
- The impact of a step stool on cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a cross-over mannequin study.Resuscitation. 2012; 82: 874-878
- European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015: Section 10. Education and implementation of resuscitation.Resuscitation. 2015; 95 (288±301)
- Interrater and intrarater reliability of Kinovea computer program in measuring cervical range of motion in frontal plane.Med J Cairo Univ. 2016; 84: 55-62
- Agreement between face-to-face and free software video analysis for assessing hamstring flexibility in adolescents.J Strength Cond Res. 2015; 29: 2661-2665
- Discovering statistics using SPSS.3rd ed. Sage, London, UK2009
- Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences.2nd ed. Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ1988
- Meta-analytic procedures for social research.2nd ed. Sage, Newbury Park, CA1991
- Using multivariate statistics.3rd ed. Harper Collins, New York1996
- Using multivariate statistics.5th ed. Allyn and Bacon, Boston2007
- Mathematical methods of statistics.Princeton University Press, Champaign1999
- Learning CPR at school-everyone should do it.Resuscitation. 2012; 83: 543-544
- How to become an under 11 rescuer: a practical method to teach firs aid to primary shoolchildren.Resuscitation. 2005; 64: 303-307
- Teaching resuscitation in schools: annual tuition by trained teachers is effective starting at age 10. A four-year prospective cohort study.Resuscitation. 2012; 83: 619-625
- School children sufficiently apply life supporting first aid: a prospective investigation.Crit Care. 2009; 13: R127
Article Info
Publication History
Published online: May 05, 2018
Accepted:
May 4,
2018
Received in revised form:
May 3,
2018
Received:
January 17,
2018
Identification
Copyright
© 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
